I B.Tech ENGLISH NOTES (KHIT)

 

A DRAWER FULL OF HAPPINESS 

                                                                     - Anchal Jagnani

“A drawer full of happiness” is the beautiful memory of two sisters who persuade their father to open a drawer that has been locked for 25 years. When the drawer was opened with hammer all of them were astonished to find wooden hair pins, metal bindi stamps with tiny containers of colored bindi powder, small wooden kumkum cases, an array of cosmetics including eye shadow kit, blush, mascara and liquid foundation and a collection of lipsticks from that era .The author kept an glancing and touching these items while making comparisons from technology of a day to the passed time.

          She surprised at the uniqueness of the products and ways in which women used everyday products differently back in 1990s.It was bewildering that all products are in usable condition by maintaining their consistency and retaining their creaminess.

         As little girls, they craved to use their mother’s makeup kits secretly to feel older and glamorous .To makeup they saw on T.V actors was the ideal way to use in real life, however their mother like all mothers of 1990s strictly denied the cosmetic usage. But the author found on contrast now little girls are allowed to use lip glass for their lips and kohl for their eyes.

       According to the author the reason why childhood in 1990s present in our hearts and minds is things unintentionally happened in a balanced a way. People had everything in equal measure but made it unknowingly. In 1990s people had less choice but were happy. On the other hand the present generation has so much to choose but dissatisfied with their lives. People were more contended in 1990s, when it is compared with next generation. There was less money, but quality life. Children were still child- like and not interested in computers and mobile phones. Technology had not involved the lives of children. The author remembers children had simple delights like reading magazines like “champak” and “tinkle”. They used to get ready for school while listening to the song “school chale hymn” on radio. Every day play time was also a big thing in the evenings, mothers used to permit their children to play only after completing homework. T.V had fewer but some great shows like Ramananda Sagar’s Ramayana and Small Wonder. Children enjoyed watching these shows by sitting with grandparents and parents. They were close to humans and nature not technology. In those days hobbies were existed like philately to know about the world. They could collect the stamps, admire and spend hours dreaming of those for away places. Going to watch movies in theatre was also very popular. The author opines that the decade had the finest happy moments to offer to the children of that time.

                       

Deliverance

                                               - Premchand

The short story entitled ‘Deliverance’ by Premchand deals with the themes of untouchability and class discrimination. It consists of four sections.

In the first section, we meet Dhuki, the main character of the short story. He lives a hard life with his wife Jhuria and their only daughter. His daughter is to be betrothed. So Dukhi needs the help of the Brahman Pandit Ghasiram to fix an auspicious day for the betrothal of his daughter. But Dukhi and his wife are very anxious and meticulous about how they would receive the PanditGhasiram at their house.

As they found some leisure time after their respective household chores, Jhuria, the wife of Dukhi, urges his husband to go the Brahman Pandit Ghasiram to ask him to come. Dukhi said, “Yes, I am going, but we have to think about what he’s going to sit on.” His wife said that they would borrow a cot from the village headman’s wife. But Duhki knew that none of his neighbours would lend them a cot. So he suggested his wife wash their own cot and set that out to get dry by the time the Pandit would come to their home.

Jhuria said, ”He would not sit on our cot.” It was because she knew that the Pandit was a stickler about religion as he obeyed the religious rituals very strictly.Then Dukhi decided to break off some mohwa leaves and make a mat for him. They also decided to manage some food and some other thing to offer the Brahman. Dukhi asked his wife to take Gond’s daughter, a girl of their neighbour, to the village merchant and bring all the things that they needed to offer to the Pandit.  They decided to collect a full two pounds of flour, half of the rice, a quarter of a gram, an eighth of ghee, salt, turmeric and four annas as offering to the Pandit.

After these instructions, Dukhi picked up his stick, took a big bundle of grass and went to make his request to the Pandit. He couldn’t go empty-handed to ask a favour of the Pandit. He knew that if the Pandit saw him without an offering, he would shout abuse at him from far away.

Thus in the first scene, we see that Dukhi and his wife are very anxious and sincere about how they would receive the Pandit. Here we see more that how the lower castes of people revere and respect the Brahmans too much.

But in the subsequent sections of the story, we see the hollowness of the so-called Brahmans. The more Duhki and his wife were concerned about the reception of the Pandit the more negligent and opportunist the Brahman appeared to be. Here lies the irony of caste discrimination in Indian society.

After going there, Dukhi saw that Pandit Ghasiram was busy with his daily rituals.  After washing his hands and feet at eight o’clock, he would begin the real ceremony of worship, the first part of which consisted of the preparation of bhang. After that he would grind sandalwood paste for half an hour, then with a straw, he would apply it to his forehead before the mirror. Between the two lines of sandalwood, he drew a red dot. Then on his chest and arms, he drew designs of perfect circles. Then he took out the image of the Lord, bathed it and applied the sandalwood to it, decked it with flowers, performed the ceremony of lighting the lamp and rang a little bell.

At that moment Dukhi bowed his head down and said, “I’m arranging Bitiya’s betrothal. Will your worship help us to fix an auspicious date? When can you find the time?” The Panditsaid, “I have no time today. But still, I’ll manage to come toward evening.”

Then Pandit took the avail of this situation and set Dukhi to work in his house. He had to carry straw and split a hard piece of wood. All day long he worked hard in hunger. The Pandit and his wife did not care to feed him. Even the Pandit uttered insulting words to him for not being able to split the piece of wood. Then Dukhi set to split the wood with his utmost strength and got exhausted. He fell down on the spot and died instantly. Even after death, he did not get funeral rituals.

Thus the author Premchand, in his story ‘Deliverance’ has portrayed the fatal effect of caste discrimination in Indian society with a vigorous force.

NEHRU’S LETTER TO DAUGHTER INDIRA ON HER BIRTHDAY

Birthday letters hold a special significance.  Especially when written by a parent who articulates his heartfelt hopes for his young daughter. The present letter was written by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru to Indira Gandhi, on the occasion of her thirteenth birthday. Being in prison, the only gifts, he could send his daughter were “of the mind and spirit… things that even the high walls prison cannot stop”.  

Although Nehru’s letters to a young Indira have been immortalized in the famous collection “Letters from a father to his daughter”, this one holds a special significance because it reflects Nehru’s own ideals of honest, fearless living. As a closely watched public figure, this could not have been an easy ideal to live by. Despite he advises Indira to aspire to a life of courage and openness as she stands on the threshold of young adulthood. He tells his daughter to find out what is right and what is not right, what should be done and what shouldn’t be done, mere sermonizing or giving advice don’t work out.  Only through discussion or talk, he believes truth comes out. In the world and beyond the world many things are there to learn to become wise. But at prison, he can only send a letter, but it never takes place the role of talk. So he suggests his daughter to imagine as if they really were having a talk.

He remembers while Indira was reading the story of Jeanne d’Arc first time, she was fascinated to become like Jeanne d’Arc. He opines even ordinary men and women become heroic for a great cause. So great leaders inspire ordinary people and make them to do great deeds. In India, Gandhiji inspire Indians to great actions and noble scarifies. He helped to make starving, the poor and the oppressed free and happy.  Though he is in prison, his message inspired men women and even little children to come out of their comfort zones and become soldiers of freedom. He feels both of them are very fortunate to witness and to take part in this ‘great drama’.

He suggests his daughter to apply a small test when she is in doubt to decide what is right and what is not, if something is done secretly or wishes to hide that is bad and unworthy. So He advises her to be brave, then all the rest follows. In the great Freedom Movement, under Gandhiji’s leadership, there is no place for secrecy or hiding. They are not afraid of what they do or what they say. He tells that they work in the sun and in the light means transparent. He suggests his daughter even in the personal live also the same transparency should be maintained. If she does so, she will grow up a child of light, unafraid, serene and unruffled in whatever the situation.

BOSOM FRIEND by Hira Bansode

Bosom Friend is a poem authored by HiraBansode, a woman Dalit poet. The poem is a critique of the caste system in Indian society, the pretensions and hypocrisies of the higher caste towards the lower caste. In the poem, Bansode tells the conflict between her expectation and reality.

One day, the poet’s close friend from a higher caste community comes to her home, a lower caste family to have dinner for the first time. When her friend comes to her lower caste family, the poet thinks that her friend has left behind the caste prejudices, the rigid high and low caste distinctions. She thinks so because in their society women do not usually ignore the caste disparities. The poet thinks that her friend has ripped out all those caste distinctions bridging the gulf of those caste prejudices that divide between people, between communities and between relationships. She thinks that her friend comes with a mind as large as the sky to her small house leaving behind the age old divide between higher and lower castes. She is very excited and happy. She praises her friend and regards and call her ‘bosom friend.’

Having contented that her friend is free from caste prejudices, the poet serves her food like the naive devotion of Shabari of the Ramayana. However, the poet’s friend makes a change on her face when she looks at the plate served by the poet. The poet’s friend, with a display of shock, tells the poet her dislike to the way the poet serves her chutney-koshimbir. She tells the poet that the way the poet serves food is not proper and she (the poet) has not still learned how to serve it. Her friend then tells the poet that the low castes will never rise above their old and outdated manners and customs.

Her friend’s words make the poet embarrassed. She remains silent. Then towards the end of the meal, her friend expresses surprise when she learns that there is no buttermilk or yoghurt with the last course of the rise which is normal among higher castes.

At this time, the poet has lost all her courage. Her strength fell away like a falling star. She has lost all her pride in front of her friend whom she dearly calls ‘bosom friend.’ She feels sad and numb. It triggered her like the ripples created in a pool of stagnant water when a stone is thrown in it. She remembers all her childhood memories yet she cannot tell all of these to her friend except to remember and keep as memories to herself.

In her childhood, the poet did not have even milk for tea which is much less compared to yoghurt or buttermilk. Her mother cooked on sawdust which she brought from the lumberyard, wiping away the smoke from her eyes. Every once in a while they might get garlic chutney on coarse bread. Otherwise they just ate bread crumbled in water. They did not know what a sweet like shrikhand was. The poet recollects that she never smelled the fragrance of ghee and never tasted halva, basundi.

The poet then realises that her friend has not discarded the old tradition of caste inequalities and disparities. Its roots went deep in her friend’s mind and a change in her belief cannot be brought so easily. Lifelong prejudices and beliefs do not disappear overnight.

The poet serves her friend yoghurt with the last course of rice. She expresses regret that she could not serve the food in a manner that her friend sees as proper.

The poet always thought that she was equal to her friend. Since she was well-educated, she expected that her friend would have no caste prejudice. She was of the belief that her friend came to her home for dinner without any consideration of caste. She thought that her friend was broad-minded and a true friend. But everything happened in contrast to her expectation. While in conversation, her friend addressed the poet as ‘you folk’. All these indicated that her friend still carries the attitude of looking down on the low castes though she pretended to treat them as equals. Now the poet is asking herself whether her friend is a true friend, a bosom friend; whether the society treats the low caste equally.

Bosom Friend is a poetical protest and a tale of conflict between the poet’s expectation and reality. The poet wonders whether her friend sees her equally as she expected. In a deeper sense, the poem tells about the deep-rooted caste prejudices and disparities in her society. In the poet’s own words, “my hand which had just touched the sky was knocked down.”

STEPHEN HAWKING – POSITIVITY ‘BENCHMARK’

British physicist and mathematician Stephen Hawking has made fundamental contributions to the science of cosmology—the study of the origins, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe.

Early life & Education

Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford, England on January 8, 1942. He grew up in a highly educated family. Both of his parents had attended Oxford University and his father, Frank, was a medical researcher. When he was nine, Stephen got very poor grades in school and just managed to be an average student. He was always interested in how stuff works and he took clocks and radios apart, but had trouble putting them back together.

Stephen enjoyed math and science in school where he earned the nickname "Einstein." He wanted to study math at university but Oxford didn't have a math degree at the time so he chose physics and chemistry instead. Stephen found college coursework to be very easy. He enjoyed being a member of the school's boat club as well as classical music. After graduation, he went to Cambridge to study for his PhD.

While Hawking was working on his PhD at Cambridge University, he began to have health issues. His speech became slurred and he became very clumsy, often dropping items or falling for no reason. After going through a series of tests, doctors discovered that Hawking had a disease called ALS (also called Lou Gehrig's disease). At the time, the doctors said he only had a few years to live.

Theory of singularity

Hawking made his first major contribution to science with his idea of singularity, a work that grew out of his collaboration (working relationship) with Roger Penrose. A singularity is a place in either space or time at which some quantity becomes infinite (without an end). Such a place is found in a black hole, the final stage of a collapsed star, where the gravitational field has infinite strength. Penrose proved that a singularity could exist in the space-time of a real universe.

Drawing upon the work of both Penrose and Albert Einstein (1879–1955), Hawking demonstrated that our universe had its origins in a singularity. In the beginning all of the matter in the universe was concentrated in a single point, making a very small but tremendously dense body. Ten to twenty billion years ago that body exploded in a big bang that initiated time and the universe. Hawking was able to produce current astrophysical (having to do with the study of stars and the events that occur around them) research to support the big bang theory of the origin of the universe and oppose the competing steady-state theory.

Hawking's research led him to study the characteristics of the best-known singularity: the black hole. A black hole's edges, called the event horizon, can be detected. Hawking proved that the surface area (measurement of the surface) of the event horizon could only increase, not decrease, and that when two black holes merged the surface area of the new hole was larger than the sum of the two original.

Hawking's continuing examination of the nature of black holes led to two important discoveries. The first that black holes can give off heat opposed the claim that nothing could escape from a black hole. The second concerned the size of black holes. As originally conceived, black holes were immense in size because they were the end result of the collapse of gigantic stars. Hawking suggested the existence of millions of mini-black holes formed by the force of the original big bang explosion.

Unified field theory

In the 1980s Hawking answered one of Einstein's unanswered theories, the famous unified field theory. A complete unified theory includes the four main interactions known to modern physics. The unified theory explains the conditions that were present at the beginning of the universe as well as the features of the physical laws of nature. When humans develop the unified field theory, said Hawking, they will "know the mind of God."

Publications

As Hawking's physical condition grew worse his intellectual achievements increased. He wrote down his ideas in A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. It sold over a million copies and was listed as the best-selling nonfiction book for over a year.

In 1993 Hawking wrote Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, which, in addition to his scientific thoughts, contains chapters about Hawking's personal life. He coauthored a book in 1996 with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space and Time. Issues discussed in this book include whether the universe has boundaries and if it will continue to expand forever. Hawking says yes to the first question and no to the second, while Penrose argues the opposite. Hawking joined Penrose again the following year in the creation of another book, The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind (1997). In 2002 he was likewise celebrating the publication of The Universe in a Nutshell. Despite decreasing health, Hawking traveled on the traditional book release circuit.

Honors and commitments

Hawking's work in Modern Cosmology and in theoretical Astronomy and Physics is widely recognized. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1974 and five years later was named to a professorial chair at Cambridge University that was once held by Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727). Beyond these honors he has earned a host of honorary degrees, awards, prizes, and lectureships from the major universities and scientific societies of Europe and America. By the end of the twentieth century Stephen Hawking had become one of the best-known scientists in the world. His popularity includes endorsing a wireless Internet connection and speaking to wheelchair-bound youth. He also had a special appearance on the television series Star Trek.

NON-DETAIED TEXT- SUMMARY:

SHAKESPEARE'S SISTER by Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf’s ‘Shakespeare’ Sister’ is the third chapter from her literary essay A Room of One’s Own. In this chapter, which is the essay on Shakespeare’s Sister, she considers the question of why no women writers are represented in the canon of Elizabethan drama. To explore the issue, Woolf invents a fictional and mythical sister, Judith, for William Shakespeare and compares the barriers brothers and sisters would have encountered in achieving success as playwright.   

The narrator is disappointed at not having found an incontrovertible statement on why women are poorer than men. She decides to investigate women in Elizabethan England, puzzled why there were no women writers in that fertile literary period. She believes there is a deep connection between living conditions and creative works. She reads a history book and finds that women had few rights in the era, despite having strong personalities, especially in works of art. The narrator finds no material about middle-class women in the history book, and a host of her questions remain unanswered.

She is reminded of a bishop's comment that no woman could equal the genius of Shakespeare, and her thoughts turn to Shakespeare. She imagines what would have happened had Shakespeare had an equally gifted sister named Judith. She outlines the possible course of Shakespeare's life: grammar school, marriage, work at a theater in London, acting, meeting theater people, and so on. His sister, however, was not able to attend school, and her family discouraged her from studying on her own. She was married against her will as a teenager and ran away to London. The men at a theater denied her the chance to work and learn the craft. Impregnated by a theatrical man, she committed suicide.

This is how the narrator believes such a female genius would have fared in Shakespeare's time. However, she agrees with the bishop that no women of the time would have had such genius, "For genius like Shakespeare's is not born among labouring, uneducated, servile people," and women back then fit into this category. Nevertheless, some kind of genius must have existed among women then, as it exists among the working class, although it never translated to paper. Even if a woman surmounted various obstacles and wrote something, it would have been anonymous.

The narrator questions what state of mind is most amenable to creativity. She finds that creating a work of art is extraordinarily difficult; privacy and money are scarce, and the world is generally indifferent to whether or not someone writes. For women in the past, the conditions were even harsher. The privacy of a private room or vacations was a rarity. Moreover, the world was not only indifferent to female writers, but actively opposed their creativity. Over time, the effect on a budding female writer is very detrimental.

The narrator believes this male discouragement accords with the masculine desire to retain the status of superiority. Unfortunately, genius is often the most susceptible to the opinions of others. She believes the mind of the artist must be "incandescent" like Shakespeare's, without any obstacles. She argues that the reason we know so little about Shakespeare's mind is because his work filters out his personal "grudges and spites and antipathies." His absence of personal protest makes his work "free and unimpeded."

LIKE A TREE UNBOWED: Wangari Maathai

Wangari Maathai (1940-2011) was a woman born in Kenya and founded the Green Belt Movement. She was the first woman in East and Central Africa to get a doctorate and the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate in 2004 (The Green Belt Movement, 2016). She has contributed to the field of environment in different ways. Maathai was born and raised in an African village near Mt. Kenya and was lucky enough to go to college, something that was, and is, rare for African women to do. She studied biology in America and eventually returned to Africa to get her Ph.D. in anatomy. It was after returning to Africa that Maathai became aware of the struggles that African women were facing due to the steady decline of the country's ecological system.

She has been known for her activism in Sustainable Development, Democracy, and Peace. One of the reasons why she formed the Green Belt Movement was to counter the deforestation that threatened the subsistence of the agricultural population. The Green Belt Movement campaign mainly encourages women to plant trees and think ecologically. The reason why this movement was popular and effective was that it encouraged the women to plant the trees in their local setting. With time, this movement spread across Africa and progressed to the planting of over thirty million trees.

Another reason why she becomes an important person in society is she used the planting of trees to encourage women empowerment (Norwegian Nobel Institute, 2004). As a woman, she was a symbol to many other women, and that appeal to the social environment. She managed to rise to the post of the Minister for Environment in Kenya. The fact that she managed to stand against the Moi regime and prevent the deforestation of different areas within Kenya makes her brave. At the time, Kenya was characterized by dictatorship, and that meant that she was risking being detained among other risks. 

Many studies characterize WangariMaathai as someone whom would “think globally and act locally.” This is why she managed to become successful. At the time, she did not have the resources needed to mobilize all parts. However, by forming the Green Belt Movement, she managed to make an impact on different countries. In addition, this movement still exists even after her death. That means that her work continues especially at such a critical time when climate change has become a global threat. People now have the chance to continue with her work and help the world achieve her vision.

Therefore, she becomes an important person in history since she came from the African continent and managed to capture the attention of the entire world. Different nations and powerful leaders have recognized her work. In addition, her academic qualifications also laid the ground for a future in which many African women are now becoming educated and empowered.

 

 

NO- DETAIED TEXT- SUMMARY:

TELEPHONE CONVERSATION by Wole Soyinka

About the Author: AkinwandeOluwole ‘Wole’ Soyinka (born 13 July 1934) is one of the brightest Nigerian writers of his generation and the first person from Africa and the diaspora to be honored with a Nobel Prize in Literature (1986). During the reign of General SaniAbacha (r. 1993–98), Soyinka escaped from Nigeria via the ‘Nadeco Route’ on a motorcycle. Abacha had proclaimed a death sentence on him in absentia.

Summary: In the poem “Telephone Conversation”, the poet Wole Soyinka talks principally about two strangers speaking over the telephone and the resulting revelations which come to the fore concerning the attitudes some people have on others even without knowing him or her personally but just by having cognizance of the color of his or her skin. The initial lines make the readers aware of the reason behind the black-African man’s arrival at the phone booth, which is to call a possible would-be landlady. The price of the room and the location, among other essentials, are agreeable to the man. During the course of the dialogue, the man gets to know that his privacy would not be hampered as the landlady does not stay on the premises. Then the moment comes when the man has made up his mind to consider the offer. But right before he declares his interest in renting the place, he mentions to the white lady that he is black. At the other end of the line, the immediate response is nothing but silence. The African man takes it to be an impolite gesture of refusal.

However, the silence is soon broken as the landlady starts to speak again, and asks him to explain exactly how dark he is. At first, the man thinks that he might have misheard the question but when the landlady repeats the same, he understands that it is something very important for her to know before she allows him to rent her house. This came out to be entirely devastating for the man, and for a moment he felt disgusted with the question and fancies himself to be a machine, like a phone, and that he has been reduced to being a button on that very phone. He could also smell the stench from her words and sees “red” all around him.

The idea behind “Telephone Conversation” is to depict how brutal and devastating it can be for a man who is subjected to racial discrimination. Thoughts of racism and preconceived notions come blended with an element of irony. The black-African man is reduced to shame by the sudden silence from the other side and he gets into a state of make-belief when he sarcastically thinks that the lady has broken her silence and has given him the option to define “how dark” he is. “Like chocolate, or dark or light?” Then, he goes on to answer that his skin color can be pictured as “West African sepia”. The lady, not knowing how dark it could be, does not want to embarrass the man further by resorting to silence. So, she asks him to define what he means. The man replies that it is almost similar to being a brunette, but a dark brunette.

All this while, the man has been holding on to codes of formality which breaks down at the landlady’s insensitivity. The African man now shouts out loud saying that he is black but he is not that black for anyone to be put to shame. He also says that the soles of his feet and the palms of his hand are all white, but he is a fool to sit on his rear as a result of which it has turned black due to friction. He knows that the landlady will never be convinced with his black complexion and he senses that she might slam down the receiver anytime. At such a crucial juncture, he makes a desperate and silly attempt pleading her to come and take a good look at him but could not prevent the situation from getting any better. Finally, the landlady slams down the receiver on his face.

Theme: The theme of “Telephone Conversation” rests upon the conflict between the protagonist i.e. the black man, and the absurdity of racism that makes the antagonist i.e. the white landlady, take a negative stance towards the former. The problem begins with the protagonist’s confession of being a black African man, which reveals the racist inclinations of the white lady. The fear of being judged on the merit of being a black man puts forth a highly corrupt image of the society where individuality is at stake.

 “STAY HUNGRY SAY FOOLISH”: Steve Jobs

On a sunny day in May 2005, Apple and Pixar co-founder Steve Jobs addressed the graduating class of Stanford University. He shared three stories from his life that illustrated his guiding principles: Do what you love; indulge your curiosity; trust your intuition and pursue your passion. Jobs explained how the worst points in his life – dropping out of college, being ousted from Apple and developing cancer – served as doorways to a higher level of creativity and understanding. The speech provided an intimate glimpse into what motivated this successful, iconic man, and Jobs’s advice is timeless. His words in this speech have enlightened the young blood to achieve great success in life.

1. Connect the Dots: Steve Jobs’s birth mother insisted that his adoptive parents be college graduates. In fact, Jobs’s adoptive father never graduated from high school, and his mother didn’t graduate from college. However, they promised to send Jobs to college to appease his birth mother. Some 17 years later, Jobs attended Reed College but felt uncomfortable with how much the tuition cost his working-class parents. He dropped out after only six months and then “dropped in” on classes that interested him, such as calligraphy. Later, when Jobs worked on the first Macintosh computer, he included this practice to the development of proportionally – spaced fonts. The typography in the Macintosh simply differentiates between Apple computers and other computers. The life lesson he gives is that you can never connect the dots looking forward, you can only connect them looking backward. Just believe that the dots will connect in the future.He believes that this trust, destiny, gut whatever you may call has never let him down and indeed made all the difference in his life.

2.  Love and Loss: Probably these are the best of three life lessons. Nobody can differ on this fact that you must find what your passion is as soon as possible. Steve jobs say that he was lucky that he found his love at an early age of 20. This helped him in restricting his domain and completely focuses on it. He started Apple at 20 in a garage with Steve Wozniak. Apple later turned into a billion dollar company with over 4000 employees. This was all because he found his love early in his life. But that’s not the end. How his love helped him in life comes next. At the age of 30 Steve Jobs was fired from his own company. Quite from company is unbelievable. The board of directors wanted him out of the company, but you cannot defeat the man who knows his passion. After getting fired, he launched a company named NEXT and PIXAR. Pixar created the world’s first computer animated film named Toy Story, and today it is the most successful animation studio in the world. Next was purchased by apple and Steve Jobs got a call back to his own company. Today Next is the heart of apple’s renaissance. He had not been fired from Apple, he would have never formed Next. Without Next apple would not have reached the peak. He says that life will hit you in your head with a brick, but you must keep doing what you love because that will pave your path to a bright future. Since work will acquire a large part of your life, it’s very important to find out what you love.

3. Death: Death is immortal. It will come one day. Steve jobs were diagnosed with a tumor in his pancreas, which doctor’s believed was not curable at all. He was advised to prepare for the death. But later on when he got some other diagnosis, the doctor’s found out that it was a minor cancel which was completely curable with a surgery. After the surgery, he was hail and hearty. The lesson he wants to depict here is that your time on this planet is limited, so stop wasting it living someone else’s life. Stop believing in other’s opinions because it destroys your mental confidence completely. The most important things in life are to follow your heart and intuition. Once you find it out, everything else in your life will become secondary.

NON- DETAIED TEXT- SUMMARY:

STILL I RISE by Maya Angelou

 

The poem is directed towards those oppressors in society who would tie the speaker to her past and to a history that has been misrepresented and cannot be relied upon. Her ancestors were depicted unfairly and dishonestly in history, and she will rise above the cruelty and suffering they experienced. The speaker is both angry and confident throughout the poem. Initially, she is baffled by the way in which her oppressors—ostensibly, white people and specifically, white males—do not want her to succeed or become more than the sum of her history. She notes that her joy seems to make them miserable, and she questions why that is. At the same time, she taunts these oppressors, acknowledging the impact of her behaviors and personality and delighting in the fact that she bewilders them with her power and confidence. The poem as a whole is a declaration of strength and of determination.

The speaker proclaims boldly that whatever her oppressors do to try to hamper her progress or take away her rights, it will not matter. Nobody will ever take her power away, and she will always rise above the racism, pain, and sexism to be the powerful woman she knows she is. She will break the negative cycle of the past.

She also speaks on behalf of other black people without actually stating that this is what she is doing. By making references to her ancestors and naming slavery explicitly near the poem's conclusion, she is addressing the collective experiences of her people and stating that they as a race are more powerful than their oppressors. Whatever the oppressors do, they cannot stop her people from moving forward in their lives.

 The poet ends her declaration by affirming that no matter what happens, she will continue to rise above history, hate, and bigotry just like her ancestors dreamed would be possible. She will fulfill their dreams and hopes for freedom and happiness.